Internet Platforms

A broad domain covering major online platforms where users create, share, and interact with digital content under platform-specific norms, features, and algorithms.

A broad domain covering online applications that enable real-time text, voice, and multimedia conversations, featuring personal and group chat, ephemeral versus persistent messaging formats, and varied social interaction norms.

A broad domain encompassing internet‐delivered on‐demand video services and the fan communities that form around platform-exclusive content, features, and subscription models. It serves as a container for individual platform fandoms and service-type groupings.

A broad domain encompassing platform‐based discussion networks where participants coalesce around shared interests, each with distinct moderation norms, engagement rituals, and community cultures across forums, message boards, and chat groups.

Digital platforms that enable individuals and organizations to solicit financial contributions from a distributed network of supporters, encompassing models such as rewards-based, equity-based, donation, debt, subscription, and real estate crowdfunding, each with its own community norms and platform governance.

Broad domain encompassing digital applications that enable real-time text, voice, and multimedia communication across personal and group conversations, with varied encryption models and platform integrations.

A broad domain encompassing web- and mobile-based platforms that host, organize, and facilitate user-generated group discussions, chats, and interest-based communities, each with platform-specific features, moderation norms, and cultural rituals.

A broad domain covering major online platforms where users create, share, and interact with digital content under platform-specific norms, features, and algorithms.

A broad domain encompassing web- and mobile-based platforms that host, organize, and facilitate user-generated group discussions, chats, and interest-based communities, each with platform-specific features, moderation norms, and cultural rituals.

A broad domain covering online applications that enable real-time text, voice, and multimedia conversations, featuring personal and group chat, ephemeral versus persistent messaging formats, and varied social interaction norms.

Broad domain of digital platforms facilitating real-time one-to-one and group messaging, channels, multimedia sharing, and bots across personal, public, and enterprise contexts.

A broad domain encompassing internet‐delivered on‐demand video services and the fan communities that form around platform-exclusive content, features, and subscription models. It serves as a container for individual platform fandoms and service-type groupings.

A broad domain covering online platforms where users create, share, and interact with user-generated content across text, images, audio, and video; it encompasses diverse independent communities and cultural practices specific to each platform.